How to prevent unauthorized access in data centers?

In some large data centers or telecommunications rooms with complex management psersonnel or multiple departments, it’s important to ensure that the optical connection is not disconnected by some misoperations.

Lockable fiber optic connectors are products based on this security requirement.On the basis of ordinary fiber optic connectors, the lock connector adds a unique locking and independent unlocking tool, which uses to lock the dedicated fiber port.It can effectively prevent accidental inserting and removing by other personnel and improve the security of the entire network.

How does it work?
Here is two lockable connectors: SC secure lockable connector and LC secure lockable connector.

SC secure lockable connector

Secure-Keyed SC connector has unique keying details and can be locked by simply plugging it into the adapter. Once the connector is locked, only the matching color key can open and release the connector. The security lock sc connector comes in five different colors and can be used in different applications. For fiber ports that are not being used temporarily, dust caps with the same locking function have also been developed. The difference is that the dust cap can be opened with any color key.

The secure locking LC connector was developed from adding a lockable accessory to the traditional duplex connector. The removal of the security lock will not interfere with the LC adapter or cause network performance degradation.

LC secure lockable connector

Both locking LC/SC fiber optic connectors are fully compatible with conventional adapters without the need to use specific cables or adapters. It can be easily installed and removed without affecting adjacent ports.

It is especially suitable for networks with higher security levels such as military, government, finance, education, and medical treatment, which can effectively prevent unauthorized tampering.

About HYC Co., Ltd
HYC has 20 years of OEM/ODM manufacturing experience in optical passive devices in the optical communications industry and is committed to providing high-quality connected products for global data users. At present, HYC has several major product lines such as optical fiber connectors, optical fiber jumpers, PLC optical splitters, WDM wavelength division multiplexers, and MEMS optical switches. The factory has more than 1,000 employees and has strong production capabilities.

What is the IL Value of Ultra Low Loss MPO Fiber Optic Cable?

With the wide application of FTTH, the requirements for data transmission capability and speed have become more and more important in optical fiber communications, which has also led to high requirements for high-density, low-loss optical fiber connectors.

In the previous article, we introduced what are insertion loss and return loss? These two parameters are the most important indicators of fiber optic connectors. The three factors that affect fiber connection loss are the lateral shift of the fiber core, fiber tilt and gap. Among them, lateral offset is the most important factor.

For MPO connectors, the factors that affect the lateral offset are the eccentricity of the fiber hole, the gap between the fiber hole and the fiber, and the gap between the positioning pin hole and the positioning pin. By determining the dimensional tolerances required for MT sleeves, optical fibers and positioning pins, low losses can be achieved. This requires MPO connectors to have low-loss and high-reliability performance during the grinding process, polishing process, and manufacturing process of experimental testing.

So what is low loss? First, let's take a look at the standard typical insertion loss values of MPO fiber connectors.

 Optical performance index of MPO single-mode fiber connector
－The maximum insertion loss of any plug through the standard adapter and standard plug ≤0.75dB (including repeatability); return loss>30dB (MPO/PC),>50dB (MPO/APC)
－The maximum insertion loss of two plugs connected arbitrarily through the adapter ≤1dB; return loss>20dB (MPO/PC),>40dB

 Optical performance index of MPO multimode fiber connector plug
－The maximum insertion loss of any plug through the standard adapter and standard plug ≤0.35dB (including repeatability)
－The maximum insertion loss of two plugs connected arbitrarily through the adapter ≤1dB

Although the IEC standard specifies the maximum insertion loss of the connector, the typical insertion loss of most manufacturers' connectors will be below the standard value. At present, the insertion loss index of 8-core or 12-core multimode MPO connectors in the industry is generally standard loss 0.5dB, and low loss is less than 0.35dB.

MPO/MTP fiber optic connectors are an important part of high-density optical interconnect products in data centers. Today, data center cabling also requires higher-performance, higher-density MPO/MTP fiber optic cables. By improving the connector technology and manufacturing technology, HYC Co., Ltd successfully reduced the loss of the MPO connector SM single-mode 12-core to less than 0.25dB, which is 28% lower than the industry low loss value of 0.35dB; The loss of SM single-mode 24 core is reduced to 0.35dB, which is far below the industry standard and the typical loss value of MPO connectors provided by other manufacturers. It provides high-quality MPO fiber optic cables for data center 400G network construction.

About HYC Co., Ltd
HYC can provide customized high-quality MPO/MTP optical fiber cable according to customer needs. Founded in 2000, HYC has more than 20 years of OEM/ODM manufacturing experience in optical communication devices. The main products include high-density optical connectivity, PLC optical splitters, WDM wavelength division multiplexers, MEMS optical switches and other products, which are widely used in FTTx, telecommunications, 5G networks, data centers and other fields.

What is C band and L band in WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)?

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is a transmission technology that uses a single optical fiber to simultaneously transmit multiple optical carriers of different wavelengths in optical fiber communications. When the wavelength of light is different, the transmission loss in the fiber is also different. In order to reduce fiber loss, it’s important to find the most suitable transmission wavelength. After a long period of exploration and testing, light with a wavelength of 1260nm~1625nm has the smallest dispersion signal distortion with low loss, which is the most suitable for transmission in optical fiber.

The fiber loss of different wavelength

The wavelength of fiber can be divided into several bands, each band is used as an independent channel to transmit predetermined wavelength. According to the ITU-T standards, single-mode fiber with the band over 1260nm is divided into O/E/S/C/L/U
six bands.

Different bands

What is O band?
The O band is the original band with wavelenght from 1260 to 1360nm. The O-band is the first wavelength band used in optical communications in history, and the signal distortion (due to dispersion) is minimal.

What is E band?
The E-band (extended wavelength band: 1360-1460 nm) is the least common of these bands. The E-band is mainly used for the expansion of the O-band, but it is rarely used, mainly because many existing optical cables show high attenuation in the E-band and the manufacturing process is very energy-intensive, so the use in optical communication is limited.

What is S band?
The optical fiber loss in the S-band (Short-wavelength Band, 1460-1530 nm) is lower than the loss in the O-band. The S-band is used as many PON (passive optical network) systems.

What is C band?
The C-band (Conventional Band) ranges from 1530 nm to 1565nm and represents the conventional band. Optical fiber shows the lowest loss in the C-band and occupies a large advantage in long-distance transmission systems. It is usually used in many metropolitan areas combined with WDM, long-distance, ultra-long-distance and submarine optical transmission systems and EDFA technology. As the transmission distance becomes longer, and fiber optic amplifiers are used instead of optical-to-electronic-to-optical repeaters, the C-band becomes more and more important. With the advent of DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) that allows multiple signals to share a single fiber, the use of the C-band has been expanded.

What is L band?
The L-band (Long-wavelength Band, 1565-1625nm) is the second lowest-loss wavelength band and is often used when the C-band is insufficient to meet the bandwidth requirements. With the wide availability of b-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), DWDM systems have expanded upward to the L-band, and were initially used to expand the capacity of terrestrial DWDM optical networks. Now, it has been introduced to submarine cable operators to do the same thing-to expand the total capacity of submarine cables.

Due to its low transmission attenuation loss, C-band and L-band is usually selected to use in the DWDM system. Except for the O-band and L-band, there are two other bands, the 850nm band and the U band (ultra-long band: 1625-1675 nm). The 850nm band is the main wavelength of the multimode optical fiber communication system, which combines VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser). The U frequency band is mainly used for network monitoring.

WDM technology can be divided into WDM, CWDM, DWDM according to different wavelength modes. The wavelength range stipulated by ITU for CWDM (ITU-T G.694.2) is 1271 to 1611nm, but considering the attenuation of the 1270-1470nm band in the application, the band of 1470~1610nm is usually used. The channel space of DWDM is more closeness, so choose the C-band (1530 nm-1565 nm) and L-band (1570 nm-1610 nm) transmission windows. Ordinary WDM generally uses 1310 and 1550nm wavelengths.

The wavelength of CWDM

With the growth of FTTH applications, the C-band and L-band will play an increasingly important role in optical transmission systems.

HYC Co., Ltd has 20 years of OEM/ODM manufacturing experience in the optical communications industry. The WDM devices independently developed and manufactured are fully used in metropolitan area networks and 5G networks. The diversified design and production capabilities meet various application requirements, such as pigtail modules, plug-in The LGX, high-density rack, 6port WDM, CCWDM, non-thermal multi-channel AWG, 5G module, etc., fully contribute to the global 5G deployment and development.

10,000 5G base stations will be added every week? What are the features of 5G?

One of the hot spots in China in 2020 is to accelerate the deployment of 5G networks and expand 5G applications. According to public data from the government, more than 10,000 5G base stations will be added in China every week. This shows that 2020 will be the explosive first year of China’s 5G base station construction, and 5G will also enter a new era of development.

What is 1G~5G network?
1G network is the first generation of mobile communication technology that first appeared in 1983. It uses analog voice signals to send and receive, and the call quality is not good. Each region has its own common standards, such as TACS in the United Kingdom, AMPS in the United States, RTMI in Italy, etc., leading to widespread failure.

2G network is the second generation of mobile communication technology using digital signals. It has SMS and fax functions on the basis of 1G, and the call quality is also better than 1G. During this period, there are already mobile phones, but only a simple call function.

3G third-generation communication technology can process images, music and videos, provide Web browsing, teleconferencing and e-commerce information services. It also has the global standard IMT-2000. It also defines China’s W-CDMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA communication standards.

The 4G fourth-generation communication technology integrates 3G and WLAN, and can transmit high-quality video images.

5G refers to the “fifth generation”, that is, the fifth generation mobile communication system or the fifth generation mobile network technology, which is the expansion and upgrade of 4G technology.

Some people have summarized these generations of mobile communication technologies: 2G opened the text era, 3G opened the image era, 4G opened the video era, and 5G is about to start the era of Internet of Everything. 5G has three main characteristics: “High rate, low latency and large capacity”.

1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G

High speed
High speed is the most intuitive user experience. The 5G network speed has been greatly improved, reaching a maximum of 10Gbit/s, and the theoretical transmission speed is one hundred times faster than the previous 4G LTE cellular network.

Low latency
The simplest understanding of low latency is that when you enter a URL in a web browser, you must wait for two time delays to complete the process of opening a web page. Confirmation time requested by the user; and the time required to send text, images, and video to the user. This is the network delay.

5G technology can effectively reduce the delay and increase the data transmission rate. The response time can be reduced from the average 50ms (0.05s) of 4G to 1-2 milliseconds (0.001-0.002s). Similarly, the data transmission speed can be increased from 0.02-0.03Gbps to 0.1-5.0Gbps, which means that we can load the entire webpage in 1 second.

Low latency will provide reliable and extremely low latency for applications with high real-time performance, such as games, video, live broadcasting, Internet of Vehicles and industrial control, thus creating countless possibilities.

High capacity
Existing 4G base stations have only a dozen antennas, but 5G base stations can support hundreds of antennas. These antennas can form a large-scale antenna array through Massive MIMO technology, which means that the base station can simultaneously transmit and receive signals from more users. As a result, the capacity of the mobile network has increased tens of times or more. The large-capacity features of 5G will play a greater role in the Internet of Things, smart homes, smart cities, and real-time logistics tracking.

Micro base station
In the 2G era, the signal of one large signal tower can covers a small town. In the 3G/4G era, a large number of small base stations need to be deployed. In densely populated areas, more than ten small base stations need to be deployed every 100 meters. In the 5G era, the use of millimeter waves has increased bandwidth. The number of users is 100 times that of 4G and the network speed is 100 times that of 4G. This means that only a few large base stations need to be established, but small base stations are widely distributed. This is the micro base station of 5G network.

4G VS 5G

4G uses lower frequency bands, and one large base station can covers 2 to 40 kilometers. As the communication technology is deployed to the high frequency band of 5G, the diffraction ability of electromagnetic waves becomes weak, and the transmission distance and coverage are relatively small. Therefore, 5G must use multiple micro base stations to cover the same base station area.

HYC Co., Ltd. can provide customers with a full range of passive WDM modules for 5G fronthaul transmission. As a leading fiber optic cable manufacturer, HYC has 20 years of OEM ODM experience for passive optical devices. It has a strong R&D team and strong production capacity, and can provide customers with one-stop customized optical communication passive basic equipment design, research and development and manufacturing services. Its production line includes optical fiber connectors, optical fiber jumpers, PLC splitters, WDM wavelength division multiplexers, MEMS optical switches, etc.

What is 5G Fronthaul,Middlehaul,Backhaul?

5G network has three parts, Access Network, Bearer Network, and Core Network. The access network is also Radio Access Network(RAN), which is mainly composed of base stations.

So what does the base station include? The base station usually includes BBU (mainly responsible for signal modulation), RRU (mainly responsible for radio frequency processing), feeder (connecting RRU and antenna) and antenna (mainly responsible for the conversion between the guided wave on the cable and space wave in the air.

Each base station in 4G network has a BBU, which is directly connected to the core network. In 5G networks, the access network is no longer composed of BBU, RRU and antenna. Iit is reconstructed into the following three functional entities: CU (centralized unit), DU (distributed unit) and AAU (active antenna unit). The original 4G RRU and antenna are combined into AAU, and BBU is divided into CU and DU. DU sank to AAU. One CU can be connected to multiple DUs.

The 4G network has fronthaul and backhaul. But in the 5G network, it is divided into three parts. The AAU connected to the DU is called 5G Fronthaul. A part of the DU connected to the CU is Middlehaul, and the backhaul is the communication carrier between the CU and the core network.

HYC Co., Ltd has been dedicated to the manufacture of passive optical devices for 20 years, and has a strong R&D team and strong production capacity. HYC can provide one-stop OEM ODM services for design, R&D and manufacturing. The production line has optical fiber connectors, adapters, plc splitters, wdm, mems optical switches, etc.
www.hyc-system.com

Active Optical Network and Passive Optical Network

Fiber to the home (FTTH) enables the installation of fiber directly from the central point to the end user's home, providing unprecedented high-speed Internet access. There are two types of technologies for implementing FTTH network: AON (active optical network) and PON (passive optical network).

What is AON?
AON is an Active Optical Network, which mainly uses a point-to-point (PTP) network architecture, and each user can have a dedicated optical fiber line. Active optical network means that during the transmission of signals, switching equipment such as routers and switching aggregators, active optical devices, etc. are deployed from the central office to the user distribution unit. These switching equipment are driven by electricity to manage Signal distribution and direction signals for specific customers. Active optical devices include light sources (lasers), optical receivers, optical transceiver modules, optical amplifiers (fiber amplifiers and semiconductor optical amplifiers), etc.

What is PON?
PON is Passive Optical Network, a point-to-multipoint network structure, and is the main technology to realize FTTB / FTTH. Passive optical network refers to ODN (optical distribution network) using only optical fibers and passive components, and only needs to use active equipment at the signal source and signal receiving end. In a typical PON system, the optical splitter is the core, and the optical splitter is used to separate and collect optical signals transmitted through the network. These splitters for PON are bidirectional. In the downstream direction, multiple services such as IP data, voice, and video are distributed by the OLT located in the central office through broadcast, and are distributed through the 1: N passive optical distributor in the ODN To all ONU units on the PON; in the upstream direction, various service information from each ONU is coupled to the same fiber through the 1: N passive optical combiner in the ODN without interference, and finally sent to the OLT at the central office for reception end.

A passive optical network includes an optical line terminal (OLT) installed at the central control office, and a set of supporting optical network units (ONUs) installed at the user end. The optical distribution network (ODN) between the OLT and the ONU contains optical fibers and passive splitters or couplers. PON is divided into three technical standards: APON (ATM PON) based on ATM, EPON (Ethernet PON) based on Ethernet, and GPON (Gigabit PON) based on General Frame Protocol.
In the AON network, users have dedicated optical fiber lines, which is easy for network maintenance, capacity expansion, and network upgrades. And AON network covers a wide range, covering a range of about 100 kilometers; PON networks are usually limited to fiber optic cables up to 20 kilometers. AON mainly guides optical signals through active equipment, and PON uses passive devices without power supply, resulting in AON network deployment higher than PON cost.

As a world leading manufacturer in fiber optic connectivity, plc splitter, wdm, MEMS optical switch, HYC has 20 years of experience to provide end-to-end solutions for FTTx, FTTH applications.

Quickly understand FTTx / FTTC / FTTB / FTTH

What is FTTx?
FTTx is "Fiber To The x", which is a general term for various fiber-optic communication networks. X based on the location of the fiber's termination point. Such as x = H (Fiber to the Home), x = O (Fiber to the Office) , x = B (Fiber to the Building). The FTTx technology ranges from the central office equipment to the user terminal equipment, including OLT (Optical Line Terminal), ONU (Optical Network Unit), ONT (Optical Network Terminal).

Depending on the install location of the ONU at the user end of the optical network unit, there are many types of FTTx, which can be divided into fiber to Cabinet (FTTCab), fiber to curb (FTTC), fiber to building (FTTB), fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to the office (FTTO) and other service forms. US operator Verizon refers to FTTB and FTTH as fiber-to-the-station (FTTP).

FTTCab (Fiber To The Cabinet)
The traditional electric cable is replaced by optical fiber. The ONU is placed at the cabinet. The ONU below uses copper wire or other media to connect to the user.

FTTC (Fiber To The Curb)
Optical cables will be used from the central office to roadsides within a thousand feet of home or offices. Generally, a potential broadband transmission link that is very close to the user is laid first. Once there is a need for broadband services, the fiber can be quickly led to the user and the fiber can be brought home.

FTTB (Fiber To The Building)
It is a broadband access method based on optimized optical fiber network technology, which uses fiber to the building and network cable to the home to achieve the user's broadband access. Generally, dedicated line access is adopted, which is easy to install and can provide a maximum upstream and downstream rate of 10Mbps (exclusive).

FTTH (Fiber To The Home)
FTTH is a type of optical access network application that is closest to the user except the FTTD(Fiber to the Desktop) by installing the ONU in home or business users. PON technology has become a hotspot of global broadband operators, and is considered to be one of the best technical solutions to achieve FTTH.

FTTP (Fiber To The Premise)
FTTP is a North American term. It includes FTTB, FTTC, and FTTH in a narrow sense, and extends optical fiber cables to homes or enterprises.

HYC Co., Ltd（HYC）is a leading passive optical devices OEM ODM manufacturer engaged in R&D, manufacture, and marketing of fiber optical products. Providing professional products and services for fiber connectivity, WDM, PLC splitter, and high-density datacom cabling. HYC products and solutions widely applied in 4G/5G, Data Center and Cloud Computing industry, etc.
www.hyc-system.com